Friday 9 December 2016

Microbiology : Introduction





Microbiology is a branch of Biology that includes the study of growth, characteristics and various other aspects related to the life cycle of micro organisms such as protozoa, algae, fungi, bacteria and viruses. In other words, it is the study of microscopic organisms. Micro-organisms are very small organisms which are not visible through naked eye. Sometimes they are even referred to as microbes as they are studied under microscope, being very small in appearance. Microbiology is a broad term which includes many branches like Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology, Parasitology (a part of Protozoology, as some parasites are protozoa) and others.
There are both harmful and beneficial microbes on the earth. There are certain microbes which cause infectious diseases while some others are used as a source of antibiotics or vitamins. Some cause food spoilage while others are responsible for nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere. Some produce enzymes that convert complex materials into simple substances, helping in the disposal of wastes.

A person who specializes in the area of Microbiology is called as Microbiologist. The task of microbiologists involves investigation of the fascinating world of micro organisms or microbes. Microbiologists explore the relationship of micro organisms with other creatures and their consequence on the life of human beings. A microbiologist is a scientist who studies living organisms and infectious agents many of which can only be seen through a microscope. Microbiologists play a significant role in the society, as they are the people who conduct research on the positive as well as negative effects of microorganisms on humanity. Everyday microbiologists around the world explore, investigate and discover how these organisms, exist and affect our lives. They have been responsible for the development of vaccines, antiserums against a wide variety of diseases including small pox, typhoid, whooping cough, polio, measles etc. The study of microbiology is comprehensive in nature. Microbiologists can specialize in a variety of areas. They can further specialize in the study of micro-organisms in the fields of their interest such as bacteriology-study of bacteria, mycology-study of fungi, Protozoology-study of protozoa and virology - study of viruses.
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Thursday 8 December 2016

Medical Transcription


Medical

Medical Transcription is one of the fastest growing fields in health care. Medical Transcriptionists are in demand in Western countries especially in the US where the entire healthcare industry is based on insurance and detailed medical records are needed for processing insurance claims. Medical transcription could be one of the speedy growing IT enabled service in India also, with the rapid change in the outlook in Indian healthcare and privatization of the insurance sector. India provides an ideal location for conducting medical transcription with the large population of educated English speaking people and the comparative low cost which encourages companies abroad to outsource their work to the Indian Medical Transcription field.

Medical transcription is an interesting and challenging career. It is the process whereby one accurately and swiftly transcribes medical records dictated by doctors and others, including history and physical reports, clinic notes, office notes, operative reports, consultation notes, discharge summaries, letters, psychiatric evaluations, laboratory reports, x-ray reports and pathology reports. M.T. or Medical Transcriptionist is a person who assists physicians and specialty surgeons usually by transcribing, formatting, and proof reading their dictated medically oriented report of a patient's health history. This dictation covers pretty much everything that takes place between the health care provider and the patient. Usually, the information dictated by doctors is recorded either into tape or onto digital voice processing systems. The process of medical transcription is transferring this information using word processing. Transcription services range from small, one-person home-based businesses to sophisticated, high-tech corporations which employ transcriptionists. Some medical transcription services now employ both 'on-site' and home-based medical transcriptionists. Medical transcription services serve client hospitals throughout the nation and abroad.

In India there was a boom in this industry couple of years back with a lot of companies and training institutes entering this field. Most companies except a few could not survive due to lack of proper training and understanding of this comparatively new concept in India. By improving the work standards and quality of service, India has a wide scope for capturing the huge clientele in the US and provide employment opportunities to the huge mass of English speaking and computer literate people in the country. The success of the surviving companies proves that Medical transcription can hold a vital link in altering the Indian job scenario.

Eligibility & Course Areas

Medical Transcription does not require specialised IT skills but it requires primary skills like good listening and language skills and knowledge of medical terms. Fluency in English, especially understanding of American way of speech and accent is a must to be in this field. 

However, an ideal qualification for a medical transcriptionist is Graduation with English comprehension skill and undergoing a training course in MT is an added advantage. Further, the candidate should be able to quickly develop new skills and adjust with the different accents and diction. Throughout the career as a medical transcriptionist one would need to keep up with changes in medical terminologies, medical procedures etc. and have the ability to detect medical inconsistencies in dictation and fix poor grammar and syntax. One must also have patience, as the work may get monotonous and repetitive. Regular comprehensive quality training is necessary to be successful in this field.

Medical Transcription : Institutes

While well-established companies give training on the job, there are some institutes which offer specialized training in the field.

Click on the following link for the details of Indian Institutes :


Job Prospects & Career Options

In India, lot of companies in the metros and major cities have ventured into the field. Since the job requires experience, these companies are expected to recruit a lot of people as trainees and then develop their skills so that they become experts in this field. Induj Infotech Ltd. of the S. Kumar group based in Mumbai, Infoscript Services Pvt. Ltd. in Bangalore, Webcom Infotech Ltd. in Mumbai, Pioneer Transcription Systems in Delhi etc are some of the companies in MT.

There are lots of options available in the field abroad. One may choose to work from home for yourself. Another option would be to work outside your home in a hospital or for a medical transcription service. Other options include working in a doctor's office, insurance company, attorney's office, or a company marketing medical products or a medical book publishing company.

Some of the companies

• Lloyds Medical Solutions Private Limited
#52, Prestige Hosto Chambers, I Main Road, Sheshadripuram, Bangalore - 560 020
Phone: 91-80- 32522525
Fax: 91-80-23341597
Contact Now - Email

• Spheris India Pvt Ltd,
One Spheris Plaza, Koramangala Block 8, Banglore - 560 095
Phone - 91-80-257157
Contact Now - Email

• Pioneer Transcription Systems 
B-372, Meera Bagh, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi
Phone 011-5271696 / 011-5279693
Fax 091-11-5279694

• Webcom Infotech Ltd.
Regent Chambers, 10th floor, 208 Nariman Point, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Phone 2826352 / 2881176; Fax 2819289

• Transcript Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
24\39 Gandhi layout Baswashwar nagar bangalore-560079
Phone 91-80-3209040 / 91-80-3102423; Fax 91-80-3209041

• ISA Softtech Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
S.C.O 75, PHASE IX, Mohali Punjab
Phone 0172-394517 / 0172-394518

• Focus Infosys
#117-120, 2nd Floor 80 Feet Peripheral Road 4th Block, Koramangala, Bangalore, Karnataka
Phone 5527231; Fax 5527230

• Induj Infotech Ltd.
SKumars House, Street 14 , plot no 60 , Phase II. MIDC , Andheri (E), Mumbai Maharashtra
Phone 8368429

• Drish Infotech limited
SCO 104-106, Sector 34 A, Chandigarh Punjab
Phone 0172665653 / 0172665654; Fax +91-172-615622

Institutes

While well-established companies give training on the job, there are some institutes which offer specialized training in the field.

Click on the following link for the details of Indian Institutes :

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Medical Tourism


Medical

Medical Tourism (MT) also termed as medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare is the provision of cost effective private medical care in collaboration with the tourism industry for patients abroad who need specialized treatment. Medical tourism - can be defined as the patient traveling from highly developed nations to less developed areas of the world for obtaining medical care due to various reasons, such as better convenience, lower cost, reduced waiting time to undergo a surgery/ treatment, which are unavailable in their own countries. Along with the treatment, they can also enjoy the charm of the countries they are visiting. Medical tourism is not just treating the patients who travel for medical care; it is all about making the patient feel at home away from home. Depending on the location and treatment procedure, a medical vacation can save upto 50%, 30%, or even 10% of what you would pay in your home country. 

Millions of medical travelers or medical tourists travel overseas for their medical, dental and cosmetic procedures. Medical quality standards and international accreditation vary widely across the globe. As medical tourists may face unknown risks related to quality, safety and ethics, they look for medical / health tourism provider (medical tourism facilitators). A medical tourism provider may be an organisation or a company specialized in certain areas of healthcare. They seek to bring together a prospective patient with a service provider, usually a hospital or a clinic. It is the medical tourism provider who is responsible to offer complete information about medical facilities, quality, safety and legal issues. This include information about the hospitals, clinic, doctors / medical professionals, travel agencies, resorts, medical/ travel insurance overseas as well as information's of local areas.

The process of medical tourism begins with a person seeking medical treatment abroad, contacting a medical tourism provider. The patient must provide their medical report, including the nature of ailment, local doctor's opinion, medical history, diagnosis and other additional information. Then medical treatment is advised by certified medical doctors or consultants and the approximate expenditure for the treatment, choice of hospitals and tourist destinations and duration of stay, etc. are discussed. After signing consent bonds and agreements, the patient is given recommendation letters for a medical visa, to be procured from the concerned embassy. The patient travels to the destination country, where the medical tourism provider assigns a case executive, who takes care of the patient's accommodation, treatment and any other form of care. Once the treatment is done, the patient can remain in the tourist destination or return home. 

Many people seeking overseas healthcare options will not have any idea about where to start and what to do for their particular needs. The role of medical tourism provider / facilitator commence here. Medical tourism facilitators serve as a bridge between the patient and healthcare provider to ensure the patient has a very positive experience from beginning to end. They play an important role as educators, organizers, advocates etc. for the safe delivery of overseas healthcare individual. The facilitator plans the entire medical trip for an individual - from contracting for flight and hotels to organizing transportation, working with the patient to determine the best destination, coordinating with doctors regarding medical records and setting up calls for them to speak with their healthcare providers etc. As most medical tourists do not speak their native language, the facilitator makes sure that someone at the hospital speaks the patient’s language, create an efficient system and insulate a patient from any of the language barriers that might arise. Medical tourism facilitators also plans tourism activities for the patients. Some medical tourism facilitators will request an advance deposit from the medical tourist and ask them to pay the balance at the hospital. 

Medical tourism which is a blend of leisure together with wellness and healthcare mainly focuses on two kinds of treatment systems, i.e Allopathic and Ayurvedic treatment system. Over 60 countries have identified medical tourism as a national industry and some of the most popular among them are Greece, South Africa, Jordan, India, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore. India is one of the most lucrative and leading destination for medical tourism because of its international quality of medical care at the lowest rates in comparison with other countries. India is an attractive medical tourism destination with specialized team of doctors and superlative treatments along with world-class exotic tourist attraction comparable to other countries in the world.

The most popular treatments sought in India by medical tourists are alternative medicine, bone-marrow transplant, cardiac bypass, eye surgery, hip replacement, heart surgery, cosmetic surgery, dental care and other areas of advanced medicine. The cost of surgery can be one-tenth of what it is in the United States or Western Europe and sometimes even less. Our country is well known for the traditional systems of medicine, and for providing Ayurvedic treatments such as Ayurvedic oil massage therapy, herbal therapy, aroma therapy, spa and hydro therapy etc. that attracts large number of medical tourists. Besides these, Language is a major comfort factor that invites many foreign tourists to visit India for medical and health tourism. India has a large populace of good English speaking doctors, medical staff and guides. This makes it easier for foreigners to connect well with Indian doctors. Even with the the global economic downturn, medical tourism in India has emerged as the fastest growing segment of tourism industry. 

Courses & Institutes in Medical Tourism

Certain Institutes in India offer Certificate, Diploma, Post Graduate Diploma and MBA courses in Medical Tourism. These courses, intended to train a candidate in the medical tourism field, provide sufficient knowledge about the travel and tourism industry, logistics and hospitality industry, legal/ ethical issue, medical facilities and conditions etc. Graduates/ 10+2 or its equivalent qualified candidates with good communication skills can opt for Medical Tourism courses. MBA in Medical Tourism are mainly for those working in the healthcare and tourism industry with the intention to increase their knowledge and skill set, enabling businesses to operate on a more sophisticated level. Graduates (medical/ non-medical) or a diploma holder in Medical Tourism with at least two years professional experience in either administrative or management level can join for the MBA Medical Tourism course. 

Personal Skill Needed for Medical Tourism Providers : Medical tourism providers or facilitators should have good knowledge of the topography of various places and hospitals offering medical tourism, so that they can give proper guidance to the foreign tourists and patients from abroad in choosing the best hospital. They should be aware of even minute particulars of health care and travel industry, laws and regulations governing medical tourism industries, Visa and other related requirements. They must possess excellent communication, organization and leadership skills and must have the ability to handle people, develop an understanding of the quality issues and general customer services. They must have up to date knowledge of pricing, content/treatments, hospital ratings, accreditation information plus latest updates on local and destination country's political/ visa restrictions policies and procedures. 

Some institute offer online and correspondence courses in Medical Tourism. Medvarsity Hyderabad offers online certificate courses with CD and printed study materials for graduates of medicine in allopathy, homeopathy, ayurveda, unani, dentistry, paramedical sciences, physiotherapy, or allied health sciences. GIMS - Global Institute of Medical Sciences offers Diploma in Medical Tourism through Distance learning mode for 10+2 /Graduates (Any); MBBS, BHMS, BAMS, BDS, BPT, BOT etc.

Medical Tourism Courses in India

For Medical Tourism related courses, click on the following links

Career Opportunities in Medical Tourism

Medical Tourism is an open area where job opportunities are available in the fields of health care as well as tourism sectors. Besides doctors, nurses and physician assistants, there are employment opportunities available in the field of medical tourism in various positions such as guest relationship managers; hospital administrators; medical tour consultants etc. Candidates with relevant qualifications in the fields of medical tourism and hospital administration are preferred by most of the employers. 

A career in medical tourism involves providing facilities for a client to travel, financing options for visas, arranging the hospital, boarding, lodging, best treatment, and tourism after treatment. Spa and wellness industry; Hospitality and Hotel Industry; health and allied services; Clinics, Health Spas; Ayurveda and Naturopathy Centers; Travel Agents; Tourism Agencies; Aviation Industry; Insurance companies etc. are some of the career avenues for the medical tourism professionals. 

Today Indian hospitals and pharmaceutical companies are investing heavily in infrastructure and other required facilities for attracting foreign tourists. Hospitals that offer treatment for foreign patients tie up with travel agencies or can employ individuals who has graduated in travel and tourism management.

Travel and Tourism related courses like MBA Health Management, MBA Travel and Tourism Management, M.Sc. Health Care and Hospital Administration etc. will help an individual to upsurge a career in medical tourism field. 

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Medical Laboratory Technology


Medical

Medical Laboratory Technology also called Clinical laboratory science is an allied health profession which is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease through the use of clinical laboratory tests. These tests help doctors to detect, diagnose and treat diseases. A Medical Laboratory Technologist (MLT) do these tests by analyzing body fluids, tissues, blood typing, microorganism screening, chemical analyses, cell counts of human body etc. They play an important role in collecting the information's needed, sampling, testing, reporting and documentation of these investigations. They determine the presence, extent or absence of disease and provide data needed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.

There are two levels of medical laboratory workers - Technicians and Technologists.

Medical technologists work in five major areas of the laboratory ie, in Blood banking, Clinical Chemistry (chemical analysis of body fluids), Hematology (blood related), Immunology (study of immune system) and Microbiology (study of bacteria and other disease organisms). They also work in the areas of cytotechnology (study of human tissue), phlebotomy, urinalysis, coagulation, parasitology and serology. Phlebotomists draw and test blood where as Blood bank technologists determine correct blood types for transfusions. Histology technicians cut and stain tissue samples.

Medical technologists have more training and job responsibilities. They perform complex tests such as microscopic examinations of tissues, blood and other body fluids to detect evidence of disease and detect the presence of bacteria, fungi, parasites etc and chemical tests to determine blood cholesterol levels. They also match blood samples for transfusions and test drug levels in blood to determine how patients are responding to medications. They are often responsible for making sure that testing is done accurately. In some labs, technologists conduct research under the supervision of medical researchers.

Medical technicians do routine laboratory testing manually according to instructions. They work under Technologists or supervisors. Technicians may prepare specimens and operate machines that automatically analyze samples. In addition to running tests, technicians set up, clean, and maintain laboratory equipment, such as centrifuges, microscopes etc. They also prepare standard solutions for use in the lab. This involves measuring and mixing the correct amount of various chemicals.

Some of the courses offered in Lab Technology are Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Technology (BMLT), Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology (DMLT). BMLT course for Medical Lab Technologists is structured to train students in the clinical Laboratory analysis of blood, urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, ascetic fluid etc to aid the doctors in arriving at a correct diagnosis and treatment of the disease. There are also Diploma / Certificate courses for lab technicians / assistants in general and in different specialties such as Diplomas in EEG Lab Technician, Histopathology Lab Technician etc.

The authorities concerned with Medical lab technology in India are :

All India Institute of Medial Technologists 
E-mail : Contact Us 
& 
All India Medical laboratory Technologists Association 
E-mail : Contact Us

The Medical Laboratory Technology Programs provides its graduates with numerous employment possibilities in laboratories throughout the country.

Eligibility & Course Areas

The basic eligibility criteria for Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Technology (BMLT) is 10+2 or equivalent with Science subjects Or Pre- University Vocational course from a recognized Board with laboratory Technology as Vocational subject . BMLT is a 3 year programme.

Eligibility needed for Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology (DMLT) is 10+2 or equivalent examination from a recognised University or Board. Duration of the course is 2 years. There are also other certificate courses in lab technicians which needs 10+2 as the eligibility. Courses are offered by colleges, universities as well as hospitals. The hospitals are usually affiliated with a college or university.

Personal Attributes - 
Some of the qualities required for a lab technician/ technologist is the ability to conduct research, finish tasks with speed as well as with accuracy, to handle stress, make analytical judgment, interpreting technical/scientific data, knowledge of laboratory instrumentation, mechanical ability and the ability to use computers. They should have an eye for detail, be self-sufficient, precise, dedicated and self-motivated. They should have stamina as they may need to work a good deal of time, standing. They should exercise special care when handling infectious materials or dangerous chemicals.

Job Prospects & Career Options

The career of lab a worker depends on academic and technical skills. A certified medical laboratory technician may find a challenging career in a hospital, minor emergency centers, private laboratory, blood donor centers, doctor's office or clinics. A technician an become a technologist through further education and work experience.

Laboratory technologists can assist the doctors in taking samples, centrifuging, making slides, using specified stains etc, under proper guidance. As such, the demand for laboratory technologists will always increase since the number of hospitals, specialty hospitals, laboratories etc. are increasing. Job opportunities are also available in research laboratories and military service.

Technologists can advance to supervisory or management positions in labs and hospitals. They can also work as Laboratory manager/Consultant/supervisor, health care Administrator, Hospital Outreach coordination, laboratory information system Analyst/Consultant, educational consultant / coordinator/ director, health and safety officer etc. Additional opportunities are available in molecular diagnostics, molecular biotechnology companies and in vitro fertilization laboratories as well as in research labs. In the clinical areas, drug testing, therapeutic drug monitoring and biogenetics are just a few of the specialties with openings. In industry, medical technologists are needed for positions in product development, marketing, sales, quality assurance, environmental health and insurance, among others.

The Medical Laboratory Technologists/technician may be assigned to a specialized area of work in a large medical lab. In small labs, they may perform a variety of tests or all areas of lab work. Some of the duties of an MLT include collecting blood samples from patients and identifying abnormal blood cells, assuring safe transfusion of blood products, culturing micro-organisms to determine their identity and susceptibility to antibiotics, detecting a cancerous tumor with DNA technique, performing cultures and identifying bacteria and viruses, analyzing body fluids to determine chemical and biological components. Assuming administrative functions relative to reporting and recording results of tests conducted in the laboratory, maintaining accurate clinical records, selecting and evaluating laboratory equipment and new test methodologies and performing other duties as may be assigned by the laboratory supervisor. In large labs and hospitals, they may have to work in shifts on holidays and weekends or sometimes be on call for night duty.

Institutes

Click on the following link for the details of Indian Institutes :


Overseas Institutes :

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Wednesday 7 December 2016

Social justice and career guidance in the Age of Talent

Image result for career guidance pics

Abstract


The practice of career guidance is heavily influenced by changes in the workplace impacted by globalization and fluctuating economies. In the current era, known as the Age of Talent, people are increasingly viewed as commodities to fulfill labor market needs. There are controversies and inequities about who has access to meaningful employment and what resources are made available to support people’s career development. Career guidance practitioners need to be responsive to current labor market demands while also considering the implications of their roles and practices for social justice.

Résumé

Justice sociale et orientation professionnelle à l’Âge du Talent. La pratique du conseil en orientation est lourdement influencée par les changements causés par l’impact de la globalisation et des fluctuations économiques sur les postes de travail. À notre époque, considérée comme l’“Âge du Talent”, les gens sont de plus en plus perçus comme des produits servant à répondre aux besoins du marché du travail. L’accès à des postes intéressants et les ressources mises à dispositions pour soutenir le développement de carrière des individus donnent lieu à des controverses et à des inégalités. Les praticiens de l’orientation professionnelle ont besoin d’être réceptifs aux demandes actuelles du marché du travail tout en considérant également les implications de leurs rôles et de leurs pratiques sur la justice sociale.

Zusammenfassung


Soziale Gerechtigkeit und berufliche Beratung im Zeitalter der Talente. Die Praxis beruflicher Beratung wird zunehmend von Veränderungen in der Arbeitswelt als Auswirkung der Globalisierung und von fluktuierenden Volkswirtschaften beeinflusst. Im gegenwärtigen Zeitalter, bekannt als Zeitalter der Talente, werden Menschen zunehmend nur noch als Wirtschaftsgut zur Erfüllung von Arbeitsmarktbedarfen angesehen. Es gibt kontroverse Debatten über solche Ungerechtigkeiten und darüber, wer Zugang zu sinnstiftender Beschäftigung hat, und welche Ressourcen verfügbar sind, um die berufliche Entwicklung der Menschen zu unterstützen. Bildungs- und Berufsberater/innen müssen in ihrer Tätigkeit sowohl die Arbeitsmarktbedürfnisse berücksichtigen als auch die Implikationen ihrer Rolle und ihrer Praxis für soziale Gerechtigkeit reflektieren.

Resumen

Justicia social y orientación laboral en la Edad del Talento. La práctica de la orientación laboral está fuertemente influenciada por los cambios en el puesto de trabajo consecuencia de las globalización y las economías fluctuantes. En la era actual, conocida como la Edad del Talento, cada vez más se tomas a las personas como objetos para satisfacer las necesidades del mercado. Existe controversia y opiniones desiguales sobre quien tiene acceso al empleo significativo y qué recursos se ponen a disposición para apoyar el desarrollo profesional de las personas. Los orientadores laborales han de dar respuesta a las demandas del mercado laboral a la vez que deben considerar las implicaciones que su función y sus prácticas ejercen en la justicia social.

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Career Opportunities for Mathematics Majo


Image result for career guidance maths pics


Where Are Students Getting Internships and Jobs?

(March 2016) Three actuarial students are taking jobs or internships at Sun Life Insurance in Wellseley. Two are going to the Hanover, two to Liberty Mutual, and one to the Hartford. One senior accepted a job at Goldman Sachs in New York. Other actuarial students have internships at Mass Mutual and Towers Watson. Two students in applied math are going to Epic (Health Software) in Madison, WI. One student has an internship at United Health and another at Chase Bank (in New York). One junior will be working at State Street this summer. A recent alum has been accepted to the Epidemiology Masters Program at Johns Hopkins. A senior in pure math has been accepted to the PhD programs at Michigan State and UConn. Two current seniors will be enrolling in our own Applied Math Masters Program and one in our PhD program. An applied math sophomore is taking an internship and co-op position at Air Worldwide doing weather modeling. An actuarial junior is taking an internship and co-op position at John Hancock. A sophomore has just been accepted to an internship at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC-San Diego and a junior double majoring in chemistry to one at UC Merced. Another student will be doing an REU at the University of Maryland this summer. A senior, also majoring in chemistry, will attend Columbia's MD-PhD program in the fall. A junior in applied math and statistics will do an internship at 2Is, an Engineering and Software Services company in Walpole, MA. A sophmore will do an internship at Fidelity Investments in asset management. A junior is taking a part-time job for the summer at REMI focusing on economic modeling.

General Recommendations for all Career Paths


In the past half century there has been a great increase in the importance of mathematics to our society. The need for trained mathematicians at all levels is on the rise as the use of computers and automation has spread to almost all sectors of our economy. Nowadays, technological, engineering and business problems are often of such complexity that they require a high level of mathematical treatment. Whereas in the past advanced mathematics was generally restricted to the physical sciences and engineering, today there is an ever growing demand for mathematical expertise in the biological and social sciences, as well as in finance and business management and the burgeoning field of data science.

Common Career Paths for Mathematics and Statistics Majors


In the course of his or her undergraduate studies, each student will naturally develop some preferences for the various subfields of mathematics or statistics, and those interests will largely determine the student's choice of concentration within the major. Another element in this choice is the range of opportunities that the concentration presents for a subsequent career. While there is no fixed list of occupations that follow from a major in mathematics or statistics, the most common career paths of graduating students fall into some broad categories. The Department has designed the concentrations (and course requirements for each concentration) to help students prepare for a career in one of these main categories.

Here, in an unordered list, are some of the main career categories:Actuarial science.Data science.Information technology and computing.Business, management, consulting.Teaching at the elementary or secondary school level.Graduate study in mathematics or statistics, especially for an academic career.Graduate study in applied mathematics or statistics, for a career in industry, business or government.Graduate study in an interdisciplinary field related to the mathematical and statistical sciences.

Specific Recommendations Within the Career Categories


Actuarial Science
Actuaries are business executives who use mathematical and statistical skills to define, analyze, and solve complex problems arising in the insurance and pension fields. They create and manage programs to reduce the financial impact of events such as illness, accidents, unemployment, or premature death. Actuaries must understand the entire operation of the insurance and pension fields because their evaluations often influence company policies and practices. Besides good command financial markets, tax and insurance law, regulatory requirements, accounting, and so forth, an actuary must have solid background in applied mathematics and statistics.
Professional status is attained through fellowship in one of two actuarial societies (CAS or SOA). Fellowship is earned, and most of the theoretical training is provided, by passing a series of rigorous examinations sponsored by the societies. Please see our departmental Actuarial Program webpage.
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Tuesday 6 December 2016

Medicine


medical.jpg

Medicine is one of the most sort out and rewarding career for those interested in Science and dealing with sick people. Over the years, the field of medical studies have undergone various stages of development, it has become so vast that specialisations within are increasing day by day. There is great scope for medicine as a professional career. 

A doctor's profession involves a lot of hard work and at the same time, it gives the satisfaction of curing patients at times even saving lives. It is a very demanding profession. To be in this profession is more a responsibility than a privilege. It is more of what you can give the community than what you can get from it. 

The increasing complicated lifestyles giving birth to a variety of ailments have made it impossible for General Physicians with an MBBS degree to handle all ailments. It is here that specialisation in a particular branch of medicine becomes a necessity. The major Specialisations include General Medicine, General Surgery, Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Dermatology, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat), Psychiatry, Anesthesiology etc. There is also Super Specialisations which require a further 3-5 years of study in areas such as Plastic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Cardio-thoracic surgery, Conito-urinary surgery, Paediatric Surgery, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Clinical Haematology.

The demand for medical professionals are tremendously increasing with the unfortunate upsurge of diseases and ailments day by day. At the same time super specialty hospitals are mushrooming both within the country and abroad offering employment opportunities. These along with liberalization of economy could bring better opportunities for these professionals in terms of remuneration, research and working facilities. 

Other than Allopathy, medicine also covers different systems like Homeopathy, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani etc.

Eligibility & Course Areas

Educational: The basic or degree level qualification for a medical profession is MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine And Bachelor Of Surgery) which is of 5 1/2 years duration (including 1 year internship). Selection for MBBS is through an All India Entrance Examination. (Details in Entrance Details & Syllabus). The qualification required for entrance is 10+2 or equivalent with Science subjects. In the case of private medical colleges entrance examinations are conducted by the institutes individually. In addition to MBBS, candidate should complete House Surgency or internship for one year. 

The course content includes anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, forensic medicine, general medicine, surgery, ophthalmology, ENT (ear, nose and throat), gynaecology and obstetrics, paediatrics, orthopaedics and preventive and social medicine. 

After MBBS, candidates can go for post graduate level studies (MD or MS) through another entrance. At the post graduate level, there is specialisation in Medicine and Surgery. Post Graduate Programmes (MD or MS) is usually of 3 years duration. The major Specialisations include General Medicine, General Surgery, Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Dermatology, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat), Psychiatry, Anesthesiology etc. 

Those with Post Graduation (MD or MS or M.Sc in Medicine) can further opt for super-specialisation. i.e. they can go for Ph.D in any specialised area of medicine. MD or MS holders can complete the Doctoral Programme (Ph.D) in 2 years and M.Sc Medicine holders in 3 years. 

For practicing as a physician or surgeon, one needs to have completed the MBBS course from a recognised medical college and must possess a license from the State Medical Council to practice. 

Personal Attributes:
Should have good memory and recollection ability, service mentality, stamina, patience, power of concentration, emotional stability, logical and analytical mind, willingness to learn throughout their career, ability to take timely decisions, self -motivation etc. A doctor is also expected to possess a strong sense of responsibility as the patient's life depends entirely on him.

Job Prospects & Career Options

Career options / Specialisations

Some of the common areas of specialisation in Medicine and Surgery are:

General Practitioner or Physician: He diagnosis and treats the every day and sundry ailments of the human body. MBBS holders practice as physicians.

General Surgeon : Is one who specialises in surgery for all organs of the body. He can further specialise in specific areas. Duties involve examining the patient to determine the extent and nature of injury, treatment through operation and giving post operative care. Surgery is of various types Orthopaedic, Plastic, Neuro etc.

Anaesthetist or Anaesthesiologists: Administers anesthetics to a patient undergoing surgical operation according to the nature of operation. It is he who makes the surgical procedure as painless as possible. His duties involve examining the patient to determine his capacity to withstand shock of operation and anesthesia. He/she has huge responsibility and has to be present throughout the operation. 

Psychiatrist: Diagnoses and treats mental disorders. Psychiatry has two major branches: The first is psychotherapy, the application of psychological techniques to the treatment of mental illnesses. This branch uses non-drug therapies and will not use physical techniques such as drugs or surgery. The second branch is psychiatry, where medical therapies are used. After diagnosing physical and behavioural symptoms, drugs and other means may be used for treatment. 

Neurologist: Diagnosis and treats diseases related to brain and nervous system. They also specialise in Neuro-surgery. 

Pediatrician: Treats newborn babies and children.

Ophthalmologist or Eye Specialist: Treats diseases and disorders of eyes.

Pathologist: Investigate the cause of various diseases and the possibilities for their prevention. His duties involve conducting chemical, microscopic and bacteriological test in labs and examining blood, tissues, urine etc. to find out the cause for disease. 

Cardiologist: Also called as heart specialist. Treats diseases related to heart and circulatory system.

Gynaecologist-Obstetrician: Diagnosis and treats diseases and disorders of human female reproduction system. They care for pregnant women from conception through delivery.

Dermatologist: One who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. 

Orthopaedist: Deals with diseases connected to skeletal system. Orthopedics is that branch of medicine that deals with the correction of deformities and prevention of disorders in joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, all bones and bony tissue.

Gastroenterologist: Treats diseases related to liver, pancreas, stomach, intestine, bowels and gall bladder

Radiologist: Diagnosis diseases and disorders by studying X-ray pictures of affected parts and gives treatment such as therapeutic radiation to affected parts of the body. 

ENT specialist: Treats disorders of ear, nose and throat

Tuberculosis Specialist: Treats ailments due to infection by tubercular disease

Venereologist: Treats venereal or sexual diseases.

Bacteriologist: Also called Microbiologist. Conducts research and laboratory experiments on occurrence, growth, development, control and utilization of bacteria and other micro-organisms. 

Physiologist: Studies normal functioning of different organs and tissues of human body and investigates effects of physical environments such as variations in altitude, speed, temperature etc on its vital functions.

Nutritionist: Gives instructions regarding food values and utilization of foods in human body to keep it healthy and control diseases. He prescribes diet for various diseases. 

Chiropodist : Also called pedicurist, treats foot diseases and abnormalities. He treats corns, blisters etc using surgical instruments.

Job Prospects:

They can find employment in
  • Government or private hospitals
  • Nursing homes/clinics/health departments
  • Medical services of the army, navy and air force, under the Ministry of Defense
  • Charitable institutions
  • Medical colleges and training institutes as teachers 
  • Research institutes and medical colleges as researchers
  • The industrial sector
  • Private practice/ self employment
Medicinal Systems

Ayurveda :

Ayurveda is a very ancient system which evolved around 600 BC in India. Ayurvedic treatments are person specific rather than disorder specific. It uses mixes of natural herbs as medicine and has very effective treatment for all kinds of ailments especially paralysis. In Ayurveda, which is basically a humoural medical system, diseases are understood as an imbalance between the body's three humors. The three humors are Vata (nerve energy), Pitta (catabolic fire energy) and Kapha (anabolic nutritive energy). 

Eligibility for the Bachelor course is 10+2 with Science. The duration of the Bachelor programme i.e. BAMS- Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (Ayurvedacharya) is five and half years including six months of internship. For Post graduate study, 'Ayurvedachaspati', the period of study is three years. Ph.D is also awarded in Ayurveda (Ayurvedavidyavariddhi) which is of two years duration. 

Selection of BAMS is through the same All India Entrance Examination as for MBBS. The qualification required for entrance is 10+2 or equivalent with Science subjects. In the case of private medical colleges entrance examinations are conducted by the institutes individually. 
They can find employment in Government and private hospitals, charitable institutions, medical colleges and training institutes as teachers, research institutes etc. Another option most suited for them is to do private practice. Click here for further details about Ayurveda

Dentistry :

Dentistry deals with medical or surgical treatment of diseases and disorders related to teeth, gums and soft tissues of mouth. The basic degree is BDS- Bachelor of dental surgery for which eligibility is 10+2 with Science. At Master level (MDS) specialisation is possible in areas such as Operative Dentistry, Oral Surgery etc. Admission to the Masters Programme requires BDS plus 2 years of experience.

Selection of BDS is through the same All India Entrance Examination as for MBBS. The qualification required for entrance is 10+2 or equivalent with Science subjects. In the case of private medical colleges entrance examinations are conducted by the institutes individually. 

Areas of Specialization: Dentistry has many specializations like
  • ORTHODONTICS deals with straightening and aligning teeth and jaws.;
  • PERIODONTICS specialises in the care of gums and the diseases that might affect them.;
  • OPERATIVE DENTISTRY for root canal jobs, filling and cosmetic surgery.;
  • PROSTHODONTICS involves the making of artificial teeth.;
  • ORAL SURGERY deals specifically with operation on the mouth and jaw.;
  • ORAL PATHOLOGY provides the diagnosis for diseases that affect the mouth.
Job Prospects: Job opportunities include employment in government or private hospitals, Defence Services, Nursing homes, Poly- clinics, Research and Health centers, Medical colleges etc. There is also scope to do your own practice while being visiting specialists at various hospitals or visiting faculty at Medical colleges. Click here for further details about Dentistry

Homeopathy :

Homeopathy is a system of medicine which is practiced on the principle, that a drug and a disease which produce similar symptoms cancel each other out in some way thereby restoring the patients to health. The principle of 'Like can cure Like' forms the basis of Homeopathy. It is named after the Greek words, ' Homeo' meaning similar and 'Pathos' meaning suffering or treatment by the same. This system of healing was founded by a German doctor, Samuel Christian Hahnemann (1755) and is recognised as an effective means of treating diseases. Though this system was developed abroad, it has become an integral part of the Indian way of life. There are many institutes imparting Homeopathy courses in India.

Eligibility for bachelor course i.e. BHMS (Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery) is 10+2 in physics, chemistry, Biology and English with minimum 45 % marks. The duration of the course is five and half years, including internship. There is also a Diploma course of four year duration. At post graduate level, there is MD in Homeopathy which is of three years duration. 



Selection of BHMS is through the same All India Entrance Examination as for MBBS. . The qualification required for entrance is 10+2 or equivalent with Science subjects. In the case of private medical colleges entrance examinations are conducted by the institutes individually. They can find employment in Government and private hospitals or clinics, charitable institutions, research institutes as researchers, medical colleges and training institutes as teachers etc. Another option to do private practice. Click here for further details about Homeopathy

Institutes

Click on the following link for the details of Institutes :

Ayurvedic


Allopathic 


Homeopathic


Siddha


Dentistry


Unani

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Mechatronics Engineering


Mechatronics

Mechatronics is centered on the disciplines of mechanics, electronics, controls and computers which, when combined make possible the generation of simpler, more economical, reliable and versatile commercial and industrial products. The term was first used in 1969 in Japan, but has become more common in the last twenty years, as traditional mechanical products became increasingly governed by electronic and computer control. It is said that the term 'mechatronics' was invented by a Japanese engineer Tetsura Mori who worked for Yasakava company. Mechatronics is a field of engineering that focuses on the design and production of automated equipment.

Mechatronic engineering is an interdisciplinary engineering field which is the combination of computer, electrical, electronics and mechanical engineering that serves the purpose of controlling advanced hybrid systems. In other words, Mechatronics is a branch of engineering that incorporates the ideas of mechanical and electronic engineering into one entity, and in particular cover those areas of engineering concerned with the increasing integration of mechanical, electronic, and software engineering into a production process. It is also called Robotic Science. Mechatronics engineering is an integrated approach to the design of computer controlled electro-mechanical systems. The field of mechatronics integrates the operations, skills and tools of mechanical engineering with those of electrical and computer engineering. It unites the principles of mechanics, electronics and computing, and the end purpose is to design a simpler and more economical system.

A typical mechatronic system is characterised by close integration of the mechanical components, electronic sensors, mechanical and electrical actuators and computer controllers. Mechatronics because of its usefulness is now proving to be one of the most functional of the various existing engineering disciplines. A mechatronics graduate can utilize his multiple skills for system designing, and manufacturing the products by incorporating control, electronic and computer devices. Mechatronic engineers design and implement mechanical devices that combine mechanics, software design and electronics. Mechatronics engineers are mechanics, electrical engineers and electronicians all at the same time. A well trained graduate in the field of mechatronics can fulfill all needs of the technical industry.

These systems are found in numerous industry sectors where mechanical and electronic engineering are interfaced with computer systems, such as aerospace, automotive, chemical processing, computers, communications, electronics, healthcare, manufacturing and mining. Examples of mechatronic systems are robots, digitally controlled combustion engines, machine tools with self-adaptive tools, contact-free magnetic bearings, automated guided vehicles etc.

Eligibility & Course Areas

Educational

In order to be eligible for a course at undergraduate level in mechatronics you need to have done 10+2 or equivalent with physics, chemistry and mathematics. Bachelor courses (B.E./B.Tech) are of 4 years duration. There are also masters and PhD courses in mechatronics. Applicants for postgraduate programmes in Mechatronics are required to have completed B.E./B.Tech. or equivalent from a recognized University/Institution in the area of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Electronics & Telecommunication, Instrumentation and Mechanical Engineering or equivalent. M.Tech course is 2 year duration programme. Ph.D takes three to five years to complete.

Being an interdisciplinary area of study, a course in the discipline will throw light on the other disciplines that go into the making of mechatronics. Typically, a mechatronics course will focus on both the application and the theoretical perspectives associated with the branch of engineering. Subjects covered include mathematics, mechanics, thermo dynamics, circuit system, electronics and communication, mechanical designing, power engineering etc.

Personal attributes

It is essential for a mechatronic engineer to have sound knowledge of electronics, software design and mechanics. He/She must possess good communication, problem solving, decision making skill and creative skills. They must have interpersonal and team working skills, an inquisitive and logical mind. They need to have excellent technical drawing and computer skills. They should have numeric skills as math's is an important tool and interest in technical as well as mechanical activities.

Job Prospects & Career Options

In the current scenario of technical advancement those who can handle multiple disciplines of engineering is preferred rather than one who sticks to a branch by itself. Hence, Mechatronics being an integrated new generation course has wide potential within the country and abroad. A career in mechatronics engineering is ideal for those who like to broaden ones knowledge in engineering. There is almost no product in the world that is solely electronic, electrical or mechanical in nature. This means that each discipline is blended and there is growing demand for those specialise in this interdisciplinary branch of engineering. 

Mechatronic engineering is a new focus area in engineering with wide range of application in business and industrial sector. As more industries are implementing advanced technologies opportunities for mechatronics engineers are increasing both in large, global enterprises, and in smaller, innovative companies. Graduates of Mechatronic engineering has wide applications in robotics, nanotechnology, automation, aircraft engineering, oceanography, oil and gas, biomedical systems, transport and computer-aided design. Mechatronics engineer design, develop, maintain and manage high-technology engineering systems for the automation of industrial tasks. Biomechatronics is a branch of Mechatronics having electronics, mechatronics and biology as the different fields of study. Mechatronics engineering graduates may work in areas of design, research and development, sales, production management, safety, and quality. A mechatronic engineer designs mechanical devices that incorporate electrical, software and mechanical components. The combination of these three key areas has resulted in the development and design of mechatronic or smart products.

Industries entered in mechatronic engineering include automobile, aerospace, defence and energy as well as the manufacturing of industrial and domestic products, drugs, furniture and processing of chemicals and foods. The most striking example of mechatronics is the development of the Mars rover used by NASA to take samples and photographs of the Martian surface. After completing the course in mechatronics, career avenues an aspirant can get include positions such as a systems engineer, application engineer, product development engineer, quality and safety engineer, research and development engineers, project supervisors and managers in the industries and research institutes. They are expected to be employed in all sectors of manufacturing, electrical and electronics industry - from product design, manufacturing, system design, equipment and system control, robotics, automation, computer technology, quality control, industrial management, and marketing mechatronics products and services. There is also demand for mechatronics engineers in areas of research and development activities. There is chances for educators in the academic area of this multidisciplinary field in universities and colleges.

Institutes

Number of institutions offering mechatronics course is comparatively less in India. There are only very few institutions offering B.Tech and M.Tech mechatronics programmes. To get the list of institutes click on the course name.




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Mechanical Engineering


Mechanical

Mechanical engineering, the broadest of all Engineering disciplines deals with design and production of tools, machines and all other mechanical equipment to be used in industries. The industry offers a wide choice of options extending across many interdisciplinary interdependent specialties. Mechanical engineering is concerned with all types of machinery in industries and all aspects of their mechanism and functioning; the design, development, construction, production, installation, operation and maintenance; such as large steam and gas turbines, components of thermal power stations, internal combustion engines, jet engines, machine tools, air conditioning and heating machines, refrigerators etc to name a few. They not only design and create new products, but also develop materials for them and ways of making them.

In a way, mechanical engineers are involved in creating the future. They are the driving force behind many of our technologies and industrial processes including innovative products like mobiles, PCs and DVD etc in our modern world. The work of a Mechanical Engineer can be extremely challenging and fulfilling, requiring IT, design and analytical skills together with an ability to work as a team. As their work involves production, transmission and use of mechanical power and heat, they have to analyse the different materials used for the machines and their tolerances, investigate the different energy sources and the power they generate and the design problems if any. When designing and making a commercial product they have to take into account all the business and marketing aspects to make sure that the product is affordable. They share interests with many other engineers like Civil Engineers in structures and stress analysis; Electrical engineers in electronics, computing and control theory; Aeronautical Engineers in fluid flow and turbomachinery etc and also design tools needed by other engineers for their work. They work as part of a team with other engineers as well as financial, business and management professionals on a project together. Mechanical Engineers are also responsible for maintenance and repair of the devices. Care has to be taken that the plants give maximum output and the machinery is properly maintained.

The specialisations include in areas like thermal engineering, design, and production engineering etc. Mechanical engineers work mainly in manufacturing firms. They can find work in administrative and managerial positions in government departments or public and private sector industries or do research as well as teaching in Research and teaching institutes. They could also opt for technical sales / marketing or work as independent consultants.

Eligibility & Course Areas

To become a mechanical engineer one should have a graduate degree (B.E / B.Tech) or postgraduate degree (M.E) or at least a diploma in mechanical Engineering.

The basic eligibility criteria for a BE / B.Tech is 10+2 or equivalent examination, with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. After the bachelor's one can go in for a post graduate degree. The postgraduate course generally offers specialized training in thermal engineering, design, and production engineering. Post graduate degrees are essential for most teaching posts and positions in management and an additional degree in business administration is desirable for management positions. There is also the Associate Membership Examination of the Institute of Engineers (AMIE), which enables working people in the private and public sector, or diploma holders to acquire a Bachelor's engineering degree through distance education. A three year BEng degree course entitled Mechanical Engineering is also available. This course is also accredited with the Institution of Mechanical Engineers for Chartered Engineer status. 

Selection : Selection to the graduate courses ( BE / B.Tech ) is based on merit i.e the marks secured in the final exams of 10+2 and through entrance exams. Entrance to the IIT's is through JEE (Joint Entrance Exam) and for other major institutions throughAIEEE (All India Engineering/Pharmacy/Architecture Entrance Examination)OR their own separate entrance exams and other state level and national level exams. 

Duration : BE / B.Tech courses are of 4 years' duration. The diploma courses in polytechnics are of 2-3 years' duration. 

Fees : In private colleges fees range from approx Rs.1 lakh to Rs. 2 lakh annually for a bachelors degree. In IIT's it varies between Rs. 15,000/- to Rs. 20,000/- per year.

Personal Skills :

Mechanical engineering technicians need to have excellent mechanical engineering skills, as well as technical drawing and computer skills for designing machines and equipment. It requires IT, design and analytical skills together with an ability to conceptualize structures. They must have numeric skills as math's is an important tool, an inquisitive and logical mind to make connections between ideas and handle abstract concepts, creative and innovative ideas to find solutions to problems which may need a new perspective, good practical skills to apply math's and science to real problems. Organising ability, practicality, ability to get on well with people of all types, ability to keep calm under pressure and flexibly to work in a multi disciplinary area are an asset in the field.

Job Prospects & Career Options

Mechanical Engineering finds applications in all fields of technology. They could work in many industries including private or public sector industries of various types, and their work varies by industry and function. With the rapid rate of expansion in the industrial sector, the employment potential for mechanical engineers is very high. 

In the government sector, freshers could join as Junior Engineers and go up the ladder as Assistant Engineers, Assistant Executive Engineers, Executive Engineers, Superintendent Engineers and so on.

These engineers are required in automobile, chemical, electronics, steel plants, oil exploration and refining, technical wings of armed forces, space research organisation, etc. Candidates with post graduate degree or an additional management degree could find work in administrative and managerial positions in government departments or public and private sector industries or do research as well as teaching in Research and teaching institutes. They could also opt for technical sales / marketing or work as independent consultants. Several government departments including Posts and Telegraphs, Defense, PWD, and CPWD employ mechanical engineers. Aeronautical, agricultural, automobile, chemical, and power plants, as well as the railways, need mechanical engineers to design and maintain their machinery. In agricultural sector, mechanical engineers play a vital role by establishing service centres for maintenance of tractors, oil engines, pump sets, electric motors and other agricultural equipments.

Mechanical Engineering graduates has several job opportunities in Marine engineering. After undergoing a basic pre sea training or studying marine engineering or nautical science course, they can join as engine cadets, marine engineers or navigating officers. Mechanical Engineering graduates can also opt for M.E/ M.Tech programmes in Marine engineering, Petroleum engineering, Aerospace/ Aeronautical engineering or Nanotechnology

Institutes

Click on the following link for the details of Indian Institutes :


Overs seas Institutes :

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